The verb in an imperfective clause in standard Marathi agrees with the number and gender of the third person singular subject NP. Consider the standard Marathi sentence kasəw ǰiṅktə, səsa hərto aṇi goṣṭə səmpte (tortoise win.IPFV.3SGN, rabbit lose.IPFV.3SGM and story end.IPFV.3SGF; ‘Tortoise wins (the race), rabbit loses (the race) and the story ends’), the verbs ǰiṅktə, hərto and səmpte agree with the number and gender of the third person singular subjects kasəw, səsa, and goṣṭə respectively. This verbal agreement is optional in some regional dialects of Marathi. The verb may be unmarked for gender as in the following examples: mulga pəḷte ‘boy run.IPFV.3SG’, mulgi pəḷte ‘girl run.IPFV.3SG’ and mul pəḷte ‘child run.IPFV.3SG’.
1.0 Dialectal variation in Presence or absence of gender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb formTwo variant structures were observed in the various regional dialects of Marathi for indicating gender agreement on the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form: (1) Gender agreement is present, (2) Gender agreement is variably present. The geographical distribution and examples of the variant structures are given below.
1.1 Variant 1: Gender agreement is presentGender agreement in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form was observed in nineteen of the sampled 34 districts in the state of Maharashtra. The geographical spread of this variant and examples are given below:
District | Taluka and Village |
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Kolhapur | Karvir - Gadmudshingi and Khupire, Shahuwadi - Shahuwadi and Khutalwadi, Kagal - Gorambe and Ekondi, Chandgad - Chandgad, Tudiye and Kodali, Radhanagari - Sonyachi Shiroli, Gadhinglaj - Hebbal Jaldyal and Inchnal |
Sangli | Miraj - Soni and Mhaisal, Shirala - Pachumbri and Shirala (Khurd) |
Satara | Khatav - Mandave, Visapur and Mhasurne, Patan - Mhavshi and Helwak, Satara - Chalakewadi and Kodoli, Wai - Chikhali and Pandewadi |
Solapur | Solapur - Ranmsale, Dongaon and Nandni, Akkalkot - Karjat, Sangole - Hangirge, Hatid, Sangole and Katfal, Barshi - Gaudgaon and Saundare |
Osmanabad | Osmanabad - Shingoli and Kond, Omerga - Jakekur and Kasgi |
Latur | Latur - Pakharsangavi, Tandulja and Babhalgaon, Nilanga - Dadgi and Manejavalga, Udgir - Shirol Janapur and Malkapur |
Nanded | Nanded - Limbgaon and Pangri, Kinwat - Islapur, Mukhed - Halni |
Parbhani | Palam - Banwas, Sonpeth - Tiwthana, Parbhani - Takalgavhan |
Beed | Beed - Bedukwadi and Kolharwadi, Shirur-Kasar - Dahiwandi, Ambejogai - Satefal and Daradwadi |
Jalna | Jalna - Dhawedi, Mantha - Uswad+Talni and Kendhali |
Aurangabad | Aurangabad - Bhikapur-Naigaon and Pimpalkhunta, Vaijapur - Nandgaon and Savkhedganga, Paithan - Telwadi and Pachod (Budruk), Soegaon - Ghosla and Palaskheda |
Jalgaon | Jalgaon - Dhamangaon, Jamner - Waghari, Raver - Mangalwadi |
Nashik | Nashik - Madsangvi, Palase and Vilholi, Satana - Mulher, Surgana - Kathipada and Surgana, Triambakeshwar - Goldari and Zarwad (Khurd), Yeola - Bokte and Nimgaonmadh |
Ahmednagar | Akole - Brahmanwada and Dongargaon, Newsa- Khalalpimpri and Morgavhan, Ahmednagar - Kamargaon and Narayan Doho, Jamkhed - Sawargaon and Javalke |
Pune | Haweli - Jambhali and Kesanand, Indapur - Sarafwadi and Saradewadi, Junnar - Bori (Budruk) and Dhamankhel, Mulshi - Kasar-Amboli and Nive |
Palghar | Vasai - Saivan, Dahanu - Murbad and Pimpalshet, Jawhar - Hateri and Khambala, Mokhada- Dandwal and Karegaon |
Thane | Ambernath - Wangni, Bhiwandi - Bhiwali and Khoni, Murbad - Madh and Patgaon, Shahapur - Borsheti-Kalambe and Chaundhe (Budruk), Thane - Yeoor |
Raigad | Karjat - Gaulwadi, Alibag - Baple and Mandwa-Bodni, Roha - Nagothane and Chinchawli, Shriwardhan - Shriwardhan, Mahad - Naravan |
Ratnagiri | Ratnagiri - Malgund, Zadgaon and Someshwar, Khed - Savnas, Jamge and Bahiravli, Dapoli - Dabhol and Palgad, Rajapur - Mandrul and Solgaon |
Gender agreement was observed to be variably present (i.e. sometimes absent) in the 3rd person singular imperfective verb form in twenty-six of the sampled 34 districts in the state of Maharashtra. The geographical spread of this variant and examples are given below:
District | Taluka and Village |
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Chandrapur | Chandrapur - Chaknimbala and Datala, Rajura - Kadholi (Budruk) and Koshtala, Brahmapuri - Panchgaon and Torgaon (Budruk) |
Gadchiroli | Gadchiroli - Khursa and Shioni, Korchi - Bori and Mohgaon |
Gondia | Gondia - Temni and Tedhwa, Sadak Arjuni - Duggipar and Chikhali |
Bhandara | Bhandara - Dhargaon and Mujbi, Tumsar - Lobhi and Bori |
Nagpur | Nagpur - Yerla and Sonegaon (Lodhi), Bhiwapur - Sawargaon and Botezari, Ramtek - Bhojapur and Karwahi, Narkhed - Umari and Pandhari |
Wardha | Wardha - Karanji (Bhoge) and Nimgaon (Sabne), Ashti - Khadka and Thar, Hinganghat - Ajanti and Poti, Selu - Wadgaon Jangli and Zadshi |
Yavatmal | Ghatanji - Khapri and Kurli, Ner - Kolura and Dagad Dhanora |
Amravati | Amravati - Sawardi and Malkapur, Warud - Satnur and Gadegaon, Daryapur - Bhambora, Jitapur and Bhamod, Dharni - Kawdaziri |
Akola | Akola - Gopalkhed and Yeota |
Washim | Washim - Shirputi, Risod - Chakoli and Ghonsar, Karnja - Girda and Donad (Budruk) |
Hingoli | Hingoli - Karwadi, Kalamnuri - Babhali and Morwad |
Nanded | Kinwat - Maregaon (Khalche), Mukhed - Shirur (Dabde), Deglur - Khanapur and Ramtapur |
Parbhani | Palam - Kapsi, Sonpeth - Dighol |
Beed | Shirur-Kasar - Takalwadi |
Solapur | Akkalkot - Kurnur and Chikkehalli |
Buldhana | Buldhana - Palaskhed Bhat and Warwand, Jalgaon-Jamod - Wadgaon Patan and Nimkarad, Shegaon - Shirajgaon (Nile) and Padsul |
Jalgaon | Jalgaon - Wadli, Jamner - Wakod, Raver - Nirul, Chalisgaon - Hatle and Dahiwad, Chopda - Tandalwadi and Vaijapur |
Dhule | Dhule - Laling, Songir, Khede and Khordad, Shirpur - Ambe, Shingave and Boradi, Sakri - Dighave and Dhadne |
Nandurbar | Nandurbar - Ghotane and Dhanora, Navapur - Khandbara and Chinchpada, Shahada - Prakasha and Shahada |
Nashik | Malegaon - Kalwadi and Kaulane (GA.), Satana - Daregaon |
Palghar | Vasai - Wagholi, Kalamb and Nirmal, Dahanu - Bordi and Veti, Talasari - Udhwa |
Thane | Ambernath - Usatane |
Raigad | Karjat - Salokh, Murud - Ekdara and Chinchghar, Shriwardhan - Bagmandla |
Ratnagiri | Rajapur - Kumbhavade |
Sindhudurgi | Dodamarg - Ayee and Matne, Malwan - Katta, Deulwada and Dandi, Kudal - Amrad, Mangaon and Kudal, Vengurla - Vengurla, Devgad - Taramumbri and Jamsande, Vaibhavwadi - Nadavde, Sawantwadi - Kolgaon and Satarde |
Kolhapur | Radhanagari - Olavan |