The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. ‘Bolt’ (kəḍi in the standard dialect of Marathi) is a type of lock that is used to shut modern type of doors. For this concept, the words kəḍi, kəḍikoyəṇḍa are commonly used throughout Maharashtra. The following words were reported as its variants depending on the geographical location and phonetic differences

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. ‘Bolt’ (aḍna) is a type of lock that was used to shut doors in the olden days. Following words were elicited for this concept in the SDML survey: aḍna, aḍɡuna, kʰiṭṭi, kʰəṭka, daṇḍka, koyəṇḍa, aḍsər, aḍči, makḍi, ḍambrya, ṭicəkni, sakʰrya səṅkəlkəḍi, micɡarya, biǰiɡiri, kutrə, ɡʰoḍi, majərbokya, pəṭṭikəḍi, etc.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. The following words were elicited for the concept of colocasia leaves in different dialects of Marathi in Maharashtra, əḷu, aḷu, yeḷu, tera, teri, ɡaṭiye, tere, poti, patra, čimkura, cəmkura, ɡʰaṭyači panə, ɡʰaṭya, paṭonna, patoḍyači panə, dʰopa, patʰra, kocəi,ahəlya panə, aḍuči panə, teḍa, deṭʰi, ɡərɡəṭ, ɡəḍara, ḍoḍa, dʰoba, bərmarakəs, ɡʰuya, etc.

aḷu – This word was widely reported in western Maharashtra and in the Konkan region. Similarly, it was also reported in Ahmednagar, Nashik, Aurangabad, and Beed districts. In other parts of Maharashtra, the use of the word aḷu was observed infrequently. Phonetic variations of this word include yeḷu, alu, aḷuči panə, aḷiw, alyapatre, awəḷu, aḷa, aḷən pan, alwər, alwaḍ, alkuri, əḷu, aḷuče panə, əḷuči panə etc. The word aḍu was reported by members of the Bhil and Mahar communities in Nawapur taluka of Nandurbar district. Phonetic variations of this word include aḍuči panə, aḍu, etc. Further, the word waḍuči panə was recorded in Shirajgav village of Buldhana district.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. The temporal deictic expressions for the concepts ‘current day’, ‘past day’ and ‘coming day’ show a three-way distinction in the standard variety of Marathi. It has the word aj for the concept ‘current day’, udya for the concept ‘coming day’, and kal for the concept ‘past day’. Hindi language, on the other hand, only shows a two-way distinction as it does not have separate lexical items for the concepts ‘past day’ and ‘coming day’. In Maharashtra, the north-western and northern regions are adjacent to the Gujarati and Hindi speaking states; in addition, they are also inhabited by various tribal communities for a significant period of time. Therefore, due to close linguistic proximity, certain districts in the aforementioned regions also show only a two-way distinction like Hindi for these concepts.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. The quantitative or numerical adjectives in Marathi have subtypes like enumerative, frequency, and indefinite.

The use of the following words was recorded in Maharashtra for the concept of ‘sponge gourd’: ɡʰosaḷe, ɡilke, ɡəlɡəle, turəi, parosa doḍka, copḍa doḍka, čikni turəi, tup doḍke, tel doḍka, dudʰi doḍka, hərsule, ṭeṇḍuḷe, təwəša, ṭiprikəy, širaḷə, šibi, satputa etc. A detailed description of the usage of these words according to the geographical regions is given below.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

‘Broom’ (jʰaḍu) is a common household object typically used for cleaning old fashioned houses. The following words were noted in the Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language to refer to this household object: saḷuta, sauta, saḷta, saḷati, moḷ, məuḷ, mol, moli, mowaḷ, moyaḷa, moya, moljʰaḍu, məul, məyer, məyerə, məyaru, mouḷ, mowəḷ, moḷa, moḷači jʰaḍu, moḷwəṇḍi, butari, bʰutari, butarə, halta, kersuni, širai, bəhara, širaw, maṅɡači širaw, širawi, širay, šira, pʰəḍa, pʰəḷa, ǰʰaḍṇi, jʰaḍṇi, ǰʰanni, jʰaḍni, jʰaḷənni, jʰanni, kerkaḍʰṇi, loṭna, bahri, bəhari, bahari, bayrə, bayri, bairi, bohri, wəhari, wahri, bʰara, bʰari, bʰarə, bʰaro, bʰahri, buhari, buari, bʰaḍi, baḍi, bayḍi, pisoḷi, sarən, san, suni, kʰəraṭa, kʰərʰaṭi, kʰəroṭa, kʰəraṭo, kuñča, kuñca, kučči, kuča, kuca, etc. The geographical and social distribution of these words is given below.

The word saḷuta and its phonetic variants sauta, saḷta, saḷati, etc.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. ‘Broom’ (jʰaḍu) is a small-sized broom used to clean stone mills (jatə) and dewhara, a wooden case for idols worshipped inside the house. The following variation was noted for this concept in different regions of Maharashtra:

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

The following variants were noted in different regions of Maharashtra to refer to ‘husband’s mother’s brother’: mama, kaka, sasre, mamsasre, wəḍil, culta, bap, baba, moṭʰa ba, mawḷa, mawḷe sasre, pʰuysaka, ajja, bʰako, bʰaswayri, etc.

The words used to refer to the kin relationships provide an insight into different marriage customs in India. The customs regarding who can marry whom in a consanguineous marriage vary across southern, central and northern regions of India. In many of the southern regions, it is a customary practice to get one's father's sister's son/daughter married to the mother’s brother’s daughter/son. In some regions, it is also a customary practice to get one’s daughter married to the mother’s brother. In cases where mother’s brother is a potential groom, any male who is addressed by the kin term mama can also be a potential groom. In regions where it is culturally acceptable for the girl to marry mother’s brother or father’s sister’s son, the words kaka, bap, culta, wəḍil are commonly used to refer to the husband’s mother’s brother. This is because the husband’s mother’s brother is regarded as a father-like figure for the girl. The words mama, sasre, mamasasre, mawle sasre were reported in families where such matrimonial relations are considered taboo.

Following variants were observed for this concept in the SDML survey:

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

The lexical items for the concept ‘husband and wife’ show significant variation across regions. The following words were elicited for the concept ‘husband and wife’: nəwra-bayko, pəti-pətni, malək-malkin, karbʰari-karbʰarin, ɡʰo-bayəl, ɡʰərwala-ɡʰərwali, dʰəni-ərdʰanɡini, hoḍas-hoḍis, wəḍas-bayləs, mərəd-aurət, miya-bibi, misṭər-mises, həjbəṇḍ-waipʰ, etc. In addition, the words dadla, laḍa, bayləs, sajən, saheb, yəjman, bəwa, maṭi, etc. were elicited for the concept ‘husband’. Similarly, the words ləkšimi, birʰaḍ, kuṭumb, məṇḍəḷi, nəwḷi, ɡʰoḷni, luɡai, etc. were elicited for the concept ‘wife’. Let’s look at the elicited words in detail.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. A container used for drinking water is a common household item. Its shape and size varies across regions. The following words were elicited for the container shown in the image below. pʰulpatrə, waṭi, pela, səmpuṭ, kəp, kəṭori, jamb, loṭa, ǰʰakən, čəmbu, ɡlas, ɡəñǰ, ɡəḍu, ɡəḍwa, etc. The geographical spread of these words is given below. (The words are roughly ordered from the most frequently received word to the less frequently recorded words in the SDML survey.)

For the concept of ‘husband's elder brother's wife,’ the following words were reported in the Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language: jau, ǰeṭʰani, bʰawlani, bai, bəhin, wəhini, bʰawjəy, bʰabi, moṭe sasu, širyaḷ, ḍayli, etc.

The following words were elicited for the concept ‘slanting roof’ (utərte čʰəppər) in different dialects of Marathi: čʰəppər, čʰət, čʰəpər, səppər, səpər, səpar, čət, nəḷya, kʰapri, rupkam, pakkə, kəul, kəulə, don pakki, čʰəprə, aḍ, səppar, səlap, səpri, šət, mawṭi, mawṭʰi, čʰəppərus, kəwəl, pəlaḍ, nəḷiya, nəriye, pakʰaḍya, maṇḍəṇ, pəḍwi, həḍ, kəula, kuṭaru , moɡe, jʰakan, kəwlər, maḷwəd, koṭʰa, kʰaprel, kəularu, kəular, pak, aḍa, pakaḍi, dʰabə, dʰaba, mowuḷe, šət, ṭiba, səǰǰa, aḷə, šəppər, saywan, səpre, šeḍ, səprya, səppre, səpra, čʰəprya, ḍʰape, ḍʰapə, pakʰa, kəwlari, paka, pakẽ, pansər, mʰaḷət, saṭa, čʰetrə, pakʰi, məɡri, kʰaprel, kʰapər, səppri, kʰaprya, morpak, dʰai, ṭəpra, ara, haḍya, pakya, moḷ, ɡʰone, čʰəpra, wəynaṭ, pədəḍi, pəkkʰya, koylu, ura, pakʰə, kolaru, kəyelu, čʰəpri, kəwel , kəulacə ɡʰər, wərən, šəṭan, kəbelu, dʰawa, šiwar, wərni, kʰopḍi, bilayət kʰəprel, paṭən, ṭəpera, kəwela, čəppra, ḍol, kəwlai, šawni, saywər, sət, čʰawni, təsma, mətʰan, sani, etc.

A roof (čʰət/čʰəppər) serves as a protective covering on the top of a house, shielding it from the sun, wind, and rain. The geographical structure of Maharashtra gives rise to two distinct types of roof structures in various districts: slanting roofs and flat roofs. Flat roofs are predominantly found in regions with lower rainfall. The following variations were observed for this concept in different dialects of Marathi in Maharashtra:

The following names were reported in the Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language for the vegetable ‘Bottle Gourd’ in various regions of the state of Maharashtra: dudʰibʰopḷa, bʰopḷa, dudʰi, ləwki, kəddu, mʰaro dudʰi, səkeni, ḍaṅɡḍa, muɡaḍi, koṭʰḷe/koṇṭḷya, tumma, hərsul, parsə fdoḍkə, etc.

For the concept of ‘husband’s elder brother’ the following words were reported in the Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language: dir, der, bʰasra, ǰeṭʰ, dewər, bʰaya, bʰaw sasra, bʰawla, bʰawǰi, daǰi, etc.

he lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. The following words were noted in various geographical regions of Maharashtra for the concepts ‘ego’s daughter’s mother-in-law’, ‘ego’s son’s mother-in-law’, ‘ego’s daughter’s father-in-law’ and ‘ego’s son’s father-in-law’. Let us look at them in detail.

sasra, sasre, səsro(s), sasros, sasrebuwa, səsur, soɡ, səsurǰi, susraǰi, susro, susər, susra, sasrə, mama, mamaǰi, mamaǰinu, maw, mao, pʰuwaǰi, yəhi, dəlla, həro, hahəra, haora, hawro, əkkəḍsasra, etc. Dhongde (2013: 75) has noted the kinship term sasra for this concept. In the SDML survey, the word sasra was reported in almost all districts of Maharashtra. Phonetic variations of this word include sasra, sasre, səsro(s), sasros, sasrebuwa, səsur, soɡ, səsurǰi, susraǰi, susro, susər, susra, sasrə, etc.

The following words were reported frequently in Maharashtra to refer to the concept ‘husband’s younger brother’: dir, der, dewər, derus, bʰawǰi, bʰau, bʰausab, etc.

The word sasu is observed for both the concepts ‘ego’s husband’s mother’ and ‘ego’s wife’s mother’ in all districts of Maharashtra. The following variation was noted for the two concepts in different dialects of Marathi

To refer to the concept of a female ego's sister's daughter, the following words were reported in various parts of Maharashtra: lek, mulɡi, porɡi, əṇḍer, putṇi, bəhiṇlek, bəhiṇbeṭi, bəhinisni sohəri, mawəs lek, etc. Other than this, bʰətiǰi, nat, and ḍikri were also noted for this relation. bəhinlek was noted to refer to both sister’s son and sister’s daughter.

For the concept ‘male ego’s sister’s daughter’, words such as bʰači, sun, pañǰi, sadərsəši, etc. were elicited in different parts of Maharashtra. Apart from these, bʰətiǰi, nat, ḍikri were also reported for this kin relationship. The use of the word bʰači was reported throughout Maharashtra. The phonetic variations of this word include bʰaši, bʰasi, baši, basi, bʰačči, bʰaci, etc.

For the concept of female ego’s sister’s son, words such as mulɡa, porɡa, lyok, putṇya, aṇḍor, ǰiǰa, bəhiṇlyok, bəhiṇbeṭa, etc. were reported. Apart from this, bʰanǰa, and bʰətiǰa were also reported. Similarly, a few other words were elicited sporadically to refer to this concept. Details about their use are given below. bʰaca was reported widely throughout Maharashtra for a female ego’s sister's son. Phonetic variations of this word include bʰacca, bʰaco, bʰasa, baca, bʰača, bʰače, bʰassa, bʰacos, bʰase, bʰacas, bʰaša, bʰasra, bʰawsa, bʰaso etc.

Respondents in the ‘Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language’ reported the words bʰaca, jawəi, bʰañǰa, and bʰətiǰa to refer to the concept of ‘male ego’s sisters’ son.’ Further, several other words were also sporadically observed for this relation. They are discussed in detail below.

The word putṇi was reported throughout Maharashtra for male ego’s brother’s daughter. putni was elicited as a phonetic variant of this word. The word dʰwaḍi mainly noted in southern Maharashtra. Similarly, it was noted in Sindhudurg, Ratnagiri, and Raigad districts of the Konkan region and in Osmanabad, and Ahmednagar districts of the Marathwada region. Further, it was also recorded in the Thelari community of Dhule district. Phonetic variations of this word include dʰwəḍi, dʰuwaḍi, dʰaḍi, duhaḍi, dʰuḍo, dʰuwəḍi, etc.

The word bʰači was observed throughout Maharashtra for the concept of Female ego’s brother’s daughter. bʰaci, bʰaši, baši, bʰasi, bʰačis, bʰacis, bʰače, bʰačči etc. were the phonetic variants reported for this word.

The following words were noted in various parts of the state to refer to the vegetable ‘ridged gourd’ (širaḷe/doḍke). The word doḍka and its phonetic variants were noted in almost all the districts of Maharashtra. Along with this, širaḷə and other similar words were recorded in Ratnagiri, Palghar, Raigad, and Thane districts of Konkan region; in Devgad taluka of Sindhudurg district.

For the concept of ‘female ego’s brother’s son’, the word bʰaca was widely reported in Maharashtra. Similarly, the words ǰawəi, dʰaḍya were also reported. Phonetic variations of bʰaca include bʰaca, bʰačča, bʰaco, bʰaṅja, bʰasa, bʰaso, bʰaše, bʰaša, bʰasas, bʰačas, bʰacəs etc. Other than this, the social groups whose first language is not Marathi, reported the word bʰətiǰa for female ego’s brother’s son. Variants of this word, such as bʰətiǰa, aṇḍor, natu, poša, bʰaneǰ, bʰətərǰəs, kosra, pəitisuhəppa, bʰurɡo, etc. were observed

Numerous lexical variants were reported throughout Maharashtra for the concept of male ego’s brother's son. The word putnya was widely reported for male ego’s brother’s son. Phonetic variation of this word includes putṇya, putno, putnyo, putṇyo, putṇo, putṇa, putna, etc. Likewise, the words used to introduce one's own son were also reported for this particular relation too. Hence, lek, mulɡa, porɡa, beṭa, ḍikra, sohəra, poyra were elicited. The word lyok was recorded for male egos brother’s son. lek, lekus, lekru, etc. were the phonetic variations reported for this word. It was noted in the tribal communities of Palghar, Raigad, Pune, Nashik, and Wardha districts as well as in the Lingayat, Mahar, Matang, and Buddhist communities of Kolhapur Solapur, Osmanabad, and Latur districts.

The following words were elicited for the concept ‘husband’s younger brother’s wife’ in the Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language: jau, derani, bəhin, bʰabʰi, sun, wəhini, kʰoni, bʰawlin, etc.

Pumpkin is a type of vine plant with large orange-coloured fruits. This fruit vegetable is known by different names in different districts of Maharashtra depending on its size, taste, color, location, and culinary use, such as čəkri bʰopḷa, ɡʰaɡri bʰopḷa, ɡoḍ bʰopḷa, sakʰər kohəḷa, lal bʰopḷa, kaḷa bʰopḷa, pʰəraḷi bʰopḷa, šikrəṇ bʰopḷa, kašikohḷə, pənḍʰərpuri koyrə, ɡəṅɡapʰəḷ, etc.

A variety of words were noted in the regional varieties of Marathi to refer to one’s male and female offspring: mulɡa-mulɡi, porɡa-porɡi, lyok-lek, lekus- lekis, poyro-poyri, ḍikra- ḍikri, aṇḍor-aṇḍer, poša-poši, ṭura- ṭuri, beṭa-beṭi, čeḍo-čeḍu, čʰokra-čʰokri, čʰora-čʰori, čʰokro-čʰokri, čʰoro- čʰori, ǰʰil-čeḍu, poṭṭə-poṭṭi, putus- dʰuwəs, puray-puriyo, sohra-sohri, karṭə -karṭi, lekru-lekri,

‘Sponge gourd’ is a species of vine native to the tropical regions of northern Africa and Asia. It produces a fruit that has a smooth outer texture and a cylindrical shape resembling that of a cucumber. The tender fruit is used for culinary purposes while the dried fruit serves as a natural exfoliating scrubber for bathing.

The following variation was observed in regional varieties of Marathi in the SDML survey to refer to the vegetable ‘drumstick’. šewɡa, šowɡa, šewɡo, šewɡyača šeṅɡa, šewɡyači šeṅɡ, šewɡa šeṅɡo, šewɡan šeṅɡo, šeɡu, šeṅɡa, šewɡana šeṅɡa, šekṭə, šegəṭ, šekṭači šeṅɡ, šekṭača šeṅɡa, heɡwa papḍi, heṅɡya, hekṭa heṅɡa, seɡṭani seṅɡ, hekṭa hiṅɡo, hiṅɡa, hiɡṭa, šeɡul, šeɡlača šeṅɡa, ḍamba, ḍambə, ḍambyača šeṅɡa, šəṅɡpʰəlli, šeɡul ki pʰəlli, muṅɡapʰəlli, muṅɡpʰəḷi, muṅɡna, muṅɡṇa, nuṅɡiči šeṅɡa, muṅɡnyača šeṅɡa, muṅɡnyaka šeṅɡan, muɡuniča šeṅɡa, bərbəḍi, mura, ləwəṅɡišeṅɡa, šewri, bərbəṭin, lamšeṅɡ, kʰərsiṅɡača šeṅɡa, haḍɡyači šeṅɡ, bəḍɡyači šeṅɡ, šiwəṅɡa, buɡna, uḍiyapʰul, ɡoḍšeṅɡa, etc.

The following words were noted in the survey conducted in various parts of the state of Maharashtra to refer to the tuber ‘Sweet potato’ (rətaḷə): rətaḷə, rəttaḷə, rəttaḷ, rətaḷ, rətaḷi, rətalo, rətela, rəttalə, rətaḷa, rətaḷo, rətaḷu, rəttalu, rətal, rəttaḷa, rətalu, rətala , rətale, rətaḷe, rətay, rətnaḷ, rətali, rətnaḍə, rətnarə, ratalya, retalu, rətalə, ratera, ratalə, rətteli, rəteli, rətəḷǝ, rətaḍə, retnaḷu, rətnay, rətnaḷi, rətnalyə, rətnaḍ, rətaḷe, rətaḍu, rətau, rətaḷu, činnə, čini, cʰəkri, kaṭikən, koṅɡe, kəṅɡew, kəṅɡi, kənd, kəṇḍo, lateri, peṇḍya, sakru, səkərkənd, səkla, səkərkəndə, səknarə, səknaru, sakʰru, sakʰəru, šəkərkənd, šəkərkɡən, səkri, sakəru, sakri, səkrya, sakərkəndə, səknara, səknar, bʰatkənd, batat, battas, bʰeli, maṭi, momna, etc

In an earlier linguistic survey ‘Maharashtracha bhashik nakasha: Purvatayari’ (Dhongde 2013), very few variants were observed for the kin relationships ‘son’s/daughter’s mother-in-law’ (wihiṇ) and son’s/daughter’s father-in-law’ (wyahi) in dialects of Marathi. The word iwai/wiwai was the only variant noted for the word wyahi while there was no variant noted for the word wihiṇ. However, the SDML survey reported the following variants: yin, wihin, in, yahin, yihin, səmdʰin, yehanis, soyri, wihanis, etc. The words yahin, yihin were reported mainly in the Dhule, Nandurbar, Nashik, and Jalgaon districts whereas the words yehanis, wihanis were reported by respondents of the Katkari community

The vegetable ‘bell pepper’ is referred to by various names in different parts of Maharashtra: šimla mirči, ḍʰəbbu mirči, ḍʰobḷi mirči, pʰopʰeri mirči, bʰopḷa mirči, poṅɡli mirči, bʰoṅɡi mirči, bʰeṇḍi mirči, sərkari mirči, čəpaṭa mirči, ṭəpori mirči, mʰatari mirči, ḍəɡər mirči etc. Words such as ḍʰəbbu, ḍʰobḷi, bʰopḷa, moṭʰi, ǰaḍi, ṭəpori refer to the shape of the bell pepper wheresas the words šimla mirči, wilayəti mirči, bəmbəiči mirči, bəṅɡali mirči, kəšmiri mirči refer to regions. Apart from this, more words were elicted for the vegetable ‘bell pepper’. Let’s look at them in detail.

Throughout Maharashtra, the following variations were documented for the concept ‘behind / at the back of‘: paṭʰi, paṭʰimaɡe, paṭʰimaɡə, paṭʰimaɡ, paṭʰikəḍ, paṭʰikəḍə, paṭʰiši, paṭʰidʰər, paṭkəḍe, paṭikəḍe, paṭimaɡe, paṭimaṅɡ, pəṭṭimaṅɡa, maɡə, maɡe, maɡomaɡ, maɡʰ, maɡun, magʰarši, magʰari, maṅɡari, maṅɡʰari, maṅɡi, pʰaṭsun, pʰaṭlyan, paṭlyan, məṅɡraṭe, məṅɡrai, məṅɡarsi, pičʰe, pəcʰə, pəčʰo, pəjja, pijja, pasma etc.

A number of deictic terms were recorded in the 'Survey of Dialects of the Marathi Language (SDML)' to refer to the space in front of the speaker.

The words kaka and mama were noted for the concepts ‘ego’s father’s younger sister’s husband’ and ‘ego’s father’s elder sister’s husband’ throughout Maharashtra. For this kin relation, mama, kaka, mawḷa, əṅkəl, bʰaiǰan, pʰupʰa, ateymama, pʰupa, atoba, mawsa, bʰauǰi, attoba, tiway, atemama, kakapay, mawso, bʰaoǰi, pʰua, pʰuwa, atyaǰi, ətyañǰi, pʰiyaǰi, pʰiya, pʰuya, atwa, pʰuaǰi, əttyaǰi, nəndwis, atto, pʰuo, mamas, dʰakos, čulta, mawəḷ, pʰopʰa, mamañǰi, pʰupʰaǰi, mamaǰi, bʰaṭwa, pʰəpʰa, pʰuppa, kakus, ato, atoyi, atwya, pʰuwo, pʰiyaǰi, nəndəi, atoi, mamoi, atui, attui, atuba, buwamama, etc. variants were recorded.

In languages, specific words are used to indicate the correlation and direction of a person, object, or place in relation to a reference point. These words are referred to as locative/deictic words. The provided note highlights a variety of words that were noted for the concepts of 'above,' 'in the middle/midst,' and 'below' in different dialects of Marathi.

frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent. The words reported to refer to the kin relationship ‘mother’s elder sister’ or ‘mother’s younger sister’ show variation in different regions of Maharashtra. The kinship term mawši was reported widely in all districts of Maharashtra

For the concept of “Ego’s mother’s younger/elder brother and ego’s mother’s younger/elder brother’s wife,” the words mama and mami were reported in almost all the districts of Maharashtra

For the concepts of ‘Ego’s father’s younger sister/ ego’s father’s elder sister,’ the word atya was noted throughout Maharashtra.

The following words were reported in various regions of Maharashtra to refer to the concepts ‘wife’s elder brother’ and ‘wife’s younger brother’:

The words reported to refer to the concepts ‘ego’s father's elder brother’ and ‘ego’s father's elder brother's wife’ show variation in different regions of Maharashtra.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

Directional words in the Marathi language show a lot of variation in the regional varieties. The topography of the region and the worldview of the speakers are two important factors that seem to influence the use of directional words. The perspective that the sun rises ‘below’ and sets ‘above’ was observed in all the districts surveyed. To refer to the ‘direction in which the sun rises’ the following lexical variants were reported: kʰalti, kʰaltikəḍə, kʰaltə, purwə, uɡwəti, uɡwət, kʰalyaṅɡə, kʰallakəḍ, ɡəṅɡamʰorə, ɡəṅɡekəḍə, heṭṭa, heṭya, suryəmukʰ, suryəmohri, madewača toṇḍi, suryədəyi, suryətəḷ, suryəsəmbər, kʰaltyali, etc.

For the concept of the ‘direction in which the sun sets