The lexical variants presented in the note below are arranged according to their frequency of occurrence in the survey data-from most frequent to least frequent.

A container used for drinking water is a common household item. Its shape and size varies across regions. The following words were elicited for the container shown in the image below. pʰulpatrə, waṭi, pela, səmpuṭ, kəp, kəṭori, jamb, loṭa, ǰʰakən, čəmbu, ɡlas, ɡəñǰ, ɡəḍu, ɡəḍwa, etc. The geographical spread of these words is given below. (The words are roughly ordered from the most frequently received word to the less frequently recorded words in the SDML survey.)

The word pela was widely reported in Konkan, western Maharashtra and the Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. It was reported infrequently in northern Maharashtra and Marathwada region. Phonetic variations of this word include pelo, pæla, pyala, pæli, pyela, pyali, etc.

The word pʰulpatrə was mainly reported in western Maharashtra and Marathwada region. It was also reported widely in Buldhana district. The word pʰulpatrə was reported infrequently in northern Maharashtra and Konkan region except Palghar district. It was also reported in Amravati, Akola, Yavatmal, and Bhandara districts of Vidarbha. The words pʰulpatər, pʰulpatrə etc. were received as its phonetic variants.

The word waṭi was mainly reported in Kolhapur, Nanded, Parbhani, Hingoli, Akola, Washim, Palghar, and Thane districts. It was reported frequently in the following regions: Miraj taluka of Sangli district, Akkalkot taluka of Solapur district, Umarga taluka of Osmanabad district, and Nilanga and Udgir talukas of Latur district. This geographical distribution indicates that the word waṭi is more commonly used in the border regions of Maharashtra adjoining Karnataka state. It was reported infrequently in the rest of Maharashtra. Phonetic variations of this word include wata, waṭka, waṭko, waṭɡi, waṭke, waḍɡə, etc.

The word ɡlas was widely observed in northern Maharashtra and Vidarbha region. It was also widely reported in Nanded and Aurangabad districts of Marathwada region, and Palghar and Thane districts of Konkan region. It was reported infrequently in the rest of Maharashtra. Phonetic variations of this word include ɡlas, ɡəlas, ɡəllas, ɡilas, ɡillas, ɡəlli, etc.

The word kəp was mainly observed in Raigad, Ratnagiri, Palghar, and Thane districts. It was reported infrequently by the speakers of Katkari community in Mulshi taluka of Pune district. It was also reported infrequently in Beed, Latur, Nanded, Parbhani, Aurangabad, Washim, Wardha, and Gondiya districts. The word kop was recorded as its phonetic variant mainly in Sindhudurg district.

The word səmpuṭ was widely received in Jalgaon, Dhule, and Nandurbar districts. It was also reported in Soygaon taluka of Aurangabad district and Malegaon taluka of Nashik District; it was noted in Ahirani spoken in these districts. This word shows similarity to the Sanskrit word ‘səmpuṭ’. Apte (1985) has noted its meaning as ‘A casket, covered box’ in the Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Williams (1960) defines səmpuṭ as ‘A hemispherical bowl or anything so shaped; The space between two bowls, a round covered case or box or casket’. The word səmpuṭ is used to refer to ‘utensil for drinking water’ because the utensil is also used as a cover over a copper container/utensil.

The utensil for drinking water is also used as a lid on a larger copper/steel container for storing water. This is presumably the reason why the word jʰakən meaning ‘lid’ was recorded in some regions of Maharashtra to refer to the utensil used for drinking water. The word was more commonly reported in Nagpur, Nashik, Jalgaon, and Yavatmal districts. It was infrequently reported in the Konkan region and in Latur, Nanded, and Jalna districts of Marathwada. The word was also infrequently reported in Bhandara and Chandrapur districts. It was occasionally noted in Solapur. The phonetic variants of this word include ǰʰakən, jʰakəḍ, jakkən, jʰapən, jʰakni, jʰakən, ḍʰakən, etc.

The word kəṭori was infrequently reported in Vidarbha region. In Beed district, it was reported by respondents of the Muslim community. Phonetic variations of this word include kəṭora, kəṭorə, kəṭo, kəṭore, kəṭra, etc. The word kəra was observed among members of the Christian community in Chandgad taluka of Kolhapur district.

The word jamb was widely reported in Palghar, Nanded, Buldhana, Washim, Satara, and Kolhapur districts. Phonetic variations of this word include ǰam, ǰæm, etc. The word ǰəɡ was observed in Amravati, Wardha, and Nagpur districts.

The word loṭa/loṭi, which refers to ‘container for storing water’ in the standard variety of Marathi, is used to mean ‘utensil for drinking water’ in some regional varieties of Marathi. It was reported infrequently by the Muslim, Thakur, Mahadev koli, and Warli communities in the Konkan region; the Bhil, Walvi, and Korku communities in northern Maharashtra; the Gond, Buddhist, and Kunbi communities in Vidarbha; and the Banjara and Maratha communities in Marathwada. It was observed occasionally in Pune district of western Maharashtra.

The word čəmbu was widely reported in Nanded district. It was received infrequently in other parts of Maharashtra too: Marathwada region, and Nashik and Nandurbar districts of Khandesh region. čəmbu was also reported (although rarely) in Chandrapur district of Vidarbha region. Phonetic variations of this word include cəmblu, čəmbulə, cəmbu, čembu, čənɡuli, etc.

The word ɡəñǰ was reported infrequently in Vidarbha region whereas it was reported rarely in Marathwada region. Phonetic variations of this word include ɡəñjə, ɡəñǰi, ɡəñǰunya, ɡəñǰili, ɡənju, ɡunǰi, etc.

The word ɡəḍu was reported infrequently in Nanded, Buldhana, Yavatmal, Wardha, Nagpur, and Gondiya districts; it was also reported infrequently in Chandrapur and Thane districts. Other than this, it was observed infrequently in Latur, Dhule and Jalgaon districts. Phonetic variations of this word include ɡəṭṭu, ɡəḍu, ɡəḍʰu, etc. The word ɡəḍwa was more widely reported in Wardha district. It was also reported in other parts of Vidarbha. Phonetic variations of this word include ɡəḍwa, ɡəḍʰwa, ɡəḷwa, etc.

The word ḍəwla was reported by respondents of the Mali, Bhil, Kunbi and Dhangar communities in Dhule, Nandurbar, Nagpur, Yavatmal, and Chandrapur districts respectively. Phonetic variations of this word include ḍəwnə, ḍəwla, ḍowi, etc. The word bʰaṇḍə was observed infrequently in Sindhudurg, Raigad, Kolhapur, Sangli, Satara, Nashik, Nanded, Amravati, and Wardha districts mainly among the Brahman, Kunbi, Mali, and Sutar communities.

The word yeḷṇi was reported infrequently in Latur and Osmanabad districts. The word dudʰbʰaṇḍə was received infrequently in Washim and Amravati districts. Phonetic variations of this word include dudʰbʰanḍa, dudʰpyala, etc. The word pəñčəpatrə was reported in Nanded and Aurangabad districts while the word rampatrə was reported very infrequently in Wardha district.

The word məɡɡa was reported widely in Nashik, Nanded, and Wardha districts. It was reported infrequently in northern Maharashtra, Vidarbha, and Latur and Hingoli districts of Marathwada region. Phonetic variations of this word include məɡɡa, məɡ, məɡha, məɡa, etc.

The word tambya was mostly observed in Sindhudurg district. It was observed infrequently in Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, Thane, Pune, Aurangabad, Dhule, Jalgaon, Amravati, Buldhana, Nanded, and Latur districts. Phonetic variations of this word include təmbalu, tambyo, tamyo, tambulə, tanṭoli, etc. The word ṭəmrel was noted in Dhule district whereas the word ṭəmru was noted in Jalgaon district. The word ṭop was received in Palghar district, and the word ṭapṇo was observed in Nandurbar district. The word tumrel is similar to the English word ‘tumbler’. In the Oxford Dictionary, its meaning is noted as ‘a glass for drinking out of, with a flat bottom, straight sides and no handle or stem’.

The words ṭilli / ṭillu were observed in Amravati district. The word bəṭki was observed rarely among members of the Chambhar community in Nanded and Dhule districts, and Rajgond community in Gondiya district. The word baṭɡi was received in Aurangabad district. The word buṭlə was reported by speakers of the Maratha community in Latur and Jalgaon districts whereas the word buṭkula was reported by speakers of the Dhangar community in Ahmednagar district. The word bəṭla was observed among members of the Dhangar community in Solapur District, and the word buḍɡə was observed among members of the Buddhist community in Parbhani district.

The word ɡʰəɡra was noted in Wardha district. The word cərwi was reported in Solapur district while the word cəri was reported in Jalgaon district. The word ɡəṭla was reported in Buldhana district and the word ɡuḷam was reported in Sindhudurg district. The word təweli was noted in Amravati district whereas the word tukkəs was observed among members of the Korku community in Amravati district. The word bʰəɡunə was reported in Latur, Dhule, Satara, and Nashik districts. The vessel used for cooking food is called bʰəɡuṇe, however, it was also reported occasionally to refer to the utensil used for drinking water. Phonetic variations of this word include bəɡunə, bʰəul, bʰəɡuna, etc.

References 1. Apte, Waman. reprinted 1985. Sanskrit-English dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. 2. Williams, Monier. 1960 edition. Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford